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Secret photography refers to the use of an image or video recording device to photograph or film a person who is unaware that they are being intentionally photographed or filmed. It is sometimes called covert photography, a term used mostly among professional investigators, or unauthorized photography. A person may be unaware of being photographed in a variety of situations, such as: * Fixed or mobile closed-circuit television surveillance in public and private areas. * Stalking by photographers of celebrities. * Use of a hidden camera in investigative journalism. * Photography by voyeurs. * During industrial espionage. * During intelligence gathering by police or private investigators. * During the investigation phase of workman's compensation claim adjudication. * By vigilantes. * By political protesters or activists. * By academics such as ethnographic researchers or participant observer sociologists. * As a prank, e.g. from a friend's mobile camera phone. Sometimes normal cameras are used, but the photographer is concealed. Sometimes the camera itself is disguised or concealed. Some obvious element of concealment (or great distance) is generally needed to make such photography fall under the category of 'secret photography' rather than street photography or documentary photography. It has been in use by British police since intelligence gathering on the suffragette movement in the 1900s.〔(BBC 03.10.03: "Spy pictures of suffragettes revealed" ). For an in-depth British history see: Bunyan, Tony. ''The Political Police in Britain''. Quartet Books, 1977.〕 Erich Salomon took images of European summit meetings and a session of the US Supreme Court in secret using an Ermanox camera hidden in his hat. Some classic early U.S. street photography - such as that of Paul Strand on the Lower East Side〔(Metropolitan Museum of Modern Art ) - "Strand set out for Five Points, the heart of the immigrant slums on the Lower East Side, with his camera rigged with a false lens to distract attention. Approaching a potential subject, Strand turned ninety degrees away and aimed the false lens in the direction he was facing. The real lens, on an extended bellows, stuck out under his arm toward the person ..."〕 - was obtained by fixing a second "dummy lens" to the camera, whereas the real shot was taken from the side. Although spy cameras small enough to fit inside a pocket watch had existed since the 1880s, since the 1950s advances in miniaturisation and electronics has greatly aided the ability to conceal miniature cameras, and the quality and affordability of tiny cameras (often called "spy cameras" or subminiature cameras) has now greatly increased. Some consumer compact digital cameras are now so small that in previous decades they would have qualified as "spy cameras", and digital cameras of 41 megapixels are now being embedded in some mobile camera phones. Some fine art photographers have displayed a fascination with the forms of secret voyeuristic photography. Voyeuristic photography has also been centrally explored in movies such as Powell & Pressburger's ''Peeping Tom'', and Michelangelo Antonioni's ''Blowup'', and has appeared to comic effect in films such as ''Gregory's Girl'' and ''American Pie''. ==Laws and ethics== There are various personal privacy laws in different countries which also impact on the secret photography of individuals, and on the publication of any resulting pictures. France for instance, has very strict laws against publication of such images,〔("The notoriously strict privacy laws in France ensure that such intrusion into the private lives of public figures is rare" ) - ''Daily Telegraph'' 28.08.05 - this refers to the "Presumption of Innocence and Rights of Victims" (2001) law, prohibiting the publication of "any photograph of a person without their express consent". For an English account of the new law see: Tom Stoddart. "Out Of Love" in ''Black & White Photography Magazine'', Aug/Sep 2001, pages 24-28.〕 while the British tabloid press will publish a variety of secret photography. Examples of the British situation include the publication of photos of Princess Diana secretly taken in a gym,〔(BBC 09.11.93: "Diana sues over gym photos" ).〕 and the publication of secretly taken photos of Naomi Campbell which led to a major court case.〔("Naomi Campbell v MGN Limited" - Mr Justice Morland, 27 March 2002 ). Ms. Campbell was awarded damages and costs, but this was based on 'breach of confidence' and not the privacy infringent claim.〕 News gathering organisations and media trade unions issue ethical guidelines to their members on the use of secret and telephoto lens photography.〔(Mediawise archive of media 'codes of conduct' from around the world )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Secret photography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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